解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::This paper describes how to test, and potentially falsify, a multivariate causal hypothesis involving only observed variables (i.e., a path analysis) when the data have a hierarchical or multilevel structure, when different variables are potentially defined at different levels of such a hierarchy, and when different v...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/08-1034.1
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although water availability is primarily seen as a factor affecting food availability (a bottom-up process), we examined its effect on predator-prey interactions through an influence on prey behavior (a top-down process). We documented a link between water availability, predation risk, and reproductive success in a go...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/08-0215.1
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lichens are reputedly slow growing and become unhealthy or die in response to supplements of the usual limiting resources, such as water and nitrogen. We found, however, that the tripartite cyanobacterial lichen Lobaria pulmonaria doubled in annual biomass growth after a single 20-minute immersion in a phosphorus solu...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/08-0344.1
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neutral theory of biodiversity has been criticized for its neglect of species differences. Yet it is much less heeded that S. P. Hubbell's definition of neutrality allows species to differ in their birth and death rates as long as they have an equal per capita fitness. Using the lottery model of competition we fin...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-2079.1
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding the drivers and consequences of disease epidemics is an important frontier in ecology. However, long-term data on hosts, their parasites, and the corresponding environmental conditions necessary to explore these interactions are often unavailable. We examined the dynamics of Daphnia pulicaria, a keystone...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-2071.1
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coral reefs are highly complex ecological systems, where multiple processes interact across scales in space and time to create assemblages of exceptionally high biodiversity. Despite the increasing frequency of hierarchically structured sampling programs used in coral-reef science, little progress has been made in qua...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0487.1
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In mammals, reproductive synchrony and reproductive suppression usually are found in social, group-living species, which often display hierarchical relationships among related animals. Some individuals, particularly younger, philopatric females beyond the age of sexual maturity, may not raise offspring because they ar...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1921.1
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface and the open ocean is by far the largest ecosystem on the planet, our knowledge regarding diversity patterns of pelagic fauna is very scarce. Here, we examine large-scale latitudinal and depth-related patterns of pelagic cephalopod richness in the Atlantic Ocean in ...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/08-0638.1
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Feeding fronts are a striking pattern of spatial distribution observed in both marine and terrestrial ecological systems. These fronts not only determine the abundance and distribution of prey populations, but on a broader scale they may also affect the structure and dynamics of entire communities. Several mechanisms ...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0643.1
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The interplay between local and large spatial scale processes in open systems is often dependent upon ecological context and species specific factors such as longevity, dispersal capability, or vulnerability to predation. When disturbance clears patches in open systems, the successful reestablishment of adult colonize...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0849.1
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The temporal stability of aggregate community and ecosystem properties is influenced by the variability of component populations, the interactions among populations, and the influence of environmental fluctuations on populations. Environmental fluctuations that enhance population variability are generally expected to ...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1652.1
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tolerance of foliar damage is widely recognized as an effective defense against herbivores and pathogens. However, tolerance of the impacts of antagonists on pollination success is less well understood. Here, we extend the framework of tolerance to foliar damage to understand how plants mitigate the pollination and fi...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/08-0081.1
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because sea otters (Enhydra lutris) exert a wide array of direct and indirect effects on coastal marine ecosystems throughout their geographic range, we investigated the potential influence of sea otters on the ecology of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. We studied the diets...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1818.1
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The size of the regional species pool may influence local patterns of diversity. However, it is unclear whether certain spatial scales are less sensitive to regional influences than others. Additive partitioning was used to separate coral-dwelling fish diversity to its alpha and beta components, at multiple scales, in...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1464.1
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given recent focus on large rivers as conduits for excess nutrients to coastal zones, their role in processing and retaining nutrients has been overlooked and understudied. Empirical measurements of nutrient uptake in large rivers are lacking, despite a substantial body of knowledge on nutrient transport and removal i...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1315.1
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Crop rotation schemes are believed to work by preventing specialist soil-borne pests from depressing the future yields of similar crops. In ecology, such negative plant-soil feedbacks may be viewed as a type of Janzen-Connell effect, which promotes species coexistence and diversity by preventing the same species from ...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-2056.1
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We resurveyed the under- and overstory species composition of 94 upland forest stands in southern Wisconsin in 2002-2004 to assess shifts in canopy and understory richness, composition, and heterogeneity relative to the original surveys in 1949-1950. The canopy has shifted from mostly oaks (Quercus spp.) toward more m...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1129.1
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using long-term data on two kangaroo rats in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America, we fitted logistic models including the exogenous effects of seasonal rainfall patterns. Our aim was to test the effects of intraspecific interactions and seasonal rainfall in explaining and predicting the numerical fluctuations of th...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1246.1
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and ice is well established, with sea ice influencing penguin populations through a variety of processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. To further explain the relationship between sea ice and Adélie Penguin reproductive performance, we ...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/08-0011.1
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the major mechanisms of plant diversification has been the evolution of polyploid populations that differ from their diploid progenitors in morphology, physiology, and environmental tolerances. Recent studies have indicated that polyploidy may also have major effects on ecological interactions with herbivores a...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1432.1
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urbanization has profound influences on ecological communities, but our understanding of causal mechanisms is limited by a lack of attention to its component stressors. Published research suggests that at landscape scales, habitat loss and fragmentation are the major drivers of community change, whereas at local scale...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0256.1
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A predictive framework for the ecology of species invasions requires that we learn what limits successful invaders in their native range. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is invasive in the United States, Puerto Rico, Australia, New Zealand, and China. Solenopsis invicta appears to be a superior competit...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0659.1
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Population growth and decline are particularly sensitive to changes in three key life-history parameters: annual productivity, juvenile survival, and adult survival. However, for many species these parameters remain unknown. For example, although grassland songbirds are imperiled throughout North America, for this gui...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0900.1
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most richness estimators currently in use are derived from models that consider sampling with replacement or from the assumption of infinite populations. Neither of the assumptions is suitable for sampling sessile organisms such as plants where quadrats are often sampled without replacement and the area of study is al...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1526.1
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied a guild of desert winter annual plants that differ in long-term variation in per capita reproductive success (lb, the product of per capita survival from germination to reproduction, l, times per capita reproduction of survivors, b) to relate individual function to population and community dynamics. We hypo...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/06-2080.1
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two contrasting approaches to the analysis of population dynamics are currently popular: demographic approaches where the associations between demographic rates and statistics summarizing the population dynamics are identified; and time series approaches where the associations between population dynamics, population d...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1099.1
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We provide algebraic simplifications for the redundancy analysis (RDA) eigenvalue and the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) eigenvalue in the special case of permanent plots sampled twice. The indices for RDA and CCA are interrelated and are intuitively interpretable. These simplifications also apply to simple s...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0842.1
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Historically, desert drainages of the American southwest supported productive riverine wetlands (ciénegas). Region-wide erosion of ciénegas during the late 19th and early 20th century dramatically reduced the abundance of these ecosystems, but recent reestablishment of wetlands in Sycamore Creek, Arizona, USA, provide...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0915.1
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relative importance of bottom-up or top-down forces has been mainly studied for herbivores but rarely for pollinators. Habitat fragmentation might change driving forces of population dynamics by reducing the area of resource-providing habitats, disrupting habitat connectivity, and affecting natural enemies more th...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/06-1323.1
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecological surprises, substantial and unanticipated changes in the abundance of one or more species that result from previously unsuspected processes, are a common outcome of both experiments and observations in community and population ecology. Here, we give examples of such surprises along with the results of a surv...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0965.1
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paleorecords provide information on past environmental variability, and help define ecological reference conditions by means of changes in their characteristics (accumulation rate, geochemical composition, density, etc.). A measure of temporal dissimilarity, which has traditionally been used in dendrochronology and is...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0783.1
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biological invasions can change ecosystem function, have tremendous economic costs, and impact human health; understanding the forces that cause and maintain biological invasions is thus of immediate importance. A mechanism by which exotic plants might displace native plants is by increasing the pressure of native con...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0223.1
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::As the theoretical bases for the dynamics of spatially subsidized communities emerge, ecologists question whether spatially subsidized communities exhibit similar structure or dynamics to communities that receive strongly pulsed resources. In both cases, communities may be structured by responses to resources that are...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0234.1
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although soil microbial communities are known to play crucial roles in the cycling of nutrients in forest ecosystems and can vary by plant species, how microorganisms respond to the subtle gradients of plant genetic variation is just beginning to be appreciated. Using a model Populus system in a common garden with rep...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0337.1
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Host nutrition is thought to affect the establishment, persistence, and severity of pathogenic infections. Nutrient-deficient foods possibly benefit pathogens by constraining host immune function or benefit hosts by limiting parasite growth and reproduction. However, the effects of poor elemental food quality on a hos...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0389.1
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The "evolution of increased competitive ability" (EICA) hypothesis proposes that escape from natural enemies, e.g., after transcontinental introductions, alters the selection regime because costly defenses no longer enhance fitness. Such an evolutionary loss of defenses enables resources to be directed toward growth o...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0160.1
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Population responses of synanthropic species to urbanization may be explained by the resource-matching rule, which postulates that individuals should distribute themselves according to resource availability. According to the resource-matching rule, urban habitats will contain greater densities if they provide better r...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0358.1
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple direct correlation analysis of individual counts between different populations often fails to characterize the true nature of population interactions; however, the most common data type available for population studies is count data, and one of the most important objectives in population and community ecology...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-1270.1
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heterogeneity in site quality can play an important role in patterns of abundance and population dynamics. Yet, estimating site quality in natural systems can be problematic because site quality can (1) vary through ontogeny for a focal organism, leading to shifts in site quality with age, (2) be confounded with (or m...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0021.1
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research examining the relationship between community diversity and invasions by nonnative species has raised new questions about the theory and management of biological invasions. Ecological theory predicts, and small-scale experiments confirm, lower levels of nonnative species invasion into species-rich compared to ...
journal_title:Ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1890/07-0270.1
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00